Journal Articles

Judd, C. M., Krosnick, J. A., & Milburn, M. A. (1981). Political involvement and attitude structure in the general public. American Sociological Review, 46, 660-669.

Krosnick, J. A., & Judd, C. M. (1982). Transitions in social influence at adolescence: Who induces cigarette smoking? Developmental Psychology, 18, 359-368.

Judd, C. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (1982). Attitude centrality, organization, and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 436-447.

Judd, C. M., Kenny, D. A., & Krosnick, J. A. (1983). Judging the positions of political candidates: Models of assimilation and contrast. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 952-963.

McAlister, A. L., Krosnick, J. A., & Milburn, M. A. (1984). Causes of adolescent cigarette smoking: Tests of a structural equation model. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 24-36.

Iyengar, S., Kinder, D. R., Peters, M. D., & Krosnick, J. A. (1984). The evening news and presidential evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 778-787.

Alwin, D. F., & Krosnick, J. A. (1985). The measurement of values in surveys: A comparison of ratings and rankings. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 535-552.

Schuman, H., Ludwig, J., & Krosnick, J. A. (1986). The perceived threat of nuclear war, salience, and open questions. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 519-536.

Krosnick, J. A., & Alwin, D. F. (1987). An evaluation of a cognitive theory of response order effects in survey measurement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 201-219.

Krosnick, J. A. (1988). Attitude importance and attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 240-255.

Krosnick, J. A., & Schuman, H. (1988). Attitude intensity, importance, and certainty and susceptibility to response effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 940-952.

Krosnick, J. A. (1988). The role of attitude importance in social evaluation: A study of policy preferences, presidential candidate evaluations, and voting behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 196-210.

Krosnick, J. A., & Alwin, D. F. (1988). A test of the form-resistant correlation hypothesis: Ratings, rankings, and the measurement of values. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 526-538.

Reprinted in Peplau, L. A., Sears, D. O., Taylor, S. E., & Freedman, J. L. (Eds.) (1988), Readings in social psychology: Classic and contemporary contributions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Reprinted in Singer, E., & Presser, S. (Eds.) (1989). Survey research methods: A reader. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Judd, C. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (1989). The structural bases of consistency among political attitudes: The effects of political expertise and attitude importance. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude Structure and Function. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Krosnick, J. A. (1989). Attitude importance and attitude accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 297-308.

Krosnick, J. A. (1989). Question wording and reports of survey results: The case of Louis Harris and Aetna Life and Casualty. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53, 107-113.

Reprinted in Bulmer, H. (Ed.), Questions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Krosnick, J. A., & Alwin, D. F. (1989). Aging and susceptibility to attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 416-425.

Krosnick, J. A. (1990). Government policy and citizen passion: A study of issue publics in contemporary America. Political Behavior, 12, 59-92.

Krosnick, J. A. (1990). Conceptions of expertise in political psychology. Social Cognition, 8, 1-8. (also in J. Krosnick (Ed.), Thinking about politics: Comparisons of experts and novices. New York: Guilford, 1990, pp. 1-8).

Krosnick, J. A. (1990). Lessons learned: A review and integration of our findings. Social Cognition, 8, 154-158. (also in J. Krosnick (Ed.), Thinking about politics: Comparisons of experts and novices. New York: Guilford, 1990, pp. 154-158).

Krosnick, J. A., Li, F., & Lehman, D. (1990). Conversational conventions, order of information acquisition, and the effect of base rates and individuating information on social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1140-1152.

Krosnick, J. A., & Milburn, M. A. (1990). Psychological determinants of political opinionation. Social Cognition, 8, 49-72. (also in J. Krosnick (Ed.), Thinking about politics: Comparisons of experts and novices. New York: Guilford, 1990, pp. 49-72).

Krosnick, J. A., & Sedikides, C. (1990). Self-monitoring and self-protective biases in the use of consensus information to predict one's own behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 718-728.

Krosnick, J. A., & Kinder, D. R. (1990). Altering the foundations of support for the president through priming. American Political Science Review, 84, 497-512.

Reprinted in J T. Jost and J. Sidanius (Eds.) (2004). Political psychology: Key readings. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Krosnick, J. A. (1990). Americans' perceptions of presidential candidates: A test of the projection hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 159-182.

Alwin, D. F., & Krosnick, J. A. (1991). Aging, cohorts, and the stability of sociopolitical orientations over the life span. American Journal of Sociology, 97, 169-195.

Alwin, D. F., & Krosnick, J. A. (1991). The reliability of survey attitude measurement: The influence of question and respondent attributes. Sociological Methods and Research, 20, 139-181.

Judd, C. M., Drake, R. A., Downing, J. W., & Krosnick, J. A. (1991). Some dynamic properties of attitude structures: Context induced response facilitation and polarization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 193-202.

Krosnick, J. A. (1991). Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 213-236.

Krosnick, J. A. (1991). The stability of political preferences: Comparisons of symbolic and non-symbolic attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 547-576.

Krosnick, J. A. (1992). The impact of cognitive sophistication and attitude importance on response order effects and question order effects. In N. Schwarz and S. Sudman (Eds.), Order effects in social and psychological research (pp. 203-218). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Krosnick, J. A., & Abelson, R. P. (1992). The case for measuring attitude strength in surveys. Pp. 177-203 in J. Tanur (Ed.), Questions about questions: Inquiries into the cognitive bases of surveys. New York: Russell Sage.

Krosnick, J. A., Betz, A. L., Jussim, L. J., & Lynn, A. R. (1992). Subliminal conditioning of attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 152-162.

Lehman, D. R., Krosnick, J. A., West, R. L., & Li, F. (1992). The focus of judgment effect: A question wording effect due to hypothesis confirmation bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 690-699.

Krosnick, J. A., & Berent, M. K. (1993). Comparisons of party identification and policy preferences: The impact of survey question format. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 941-964.

Krosnick, J. A., & Brannon, L. A. (1993). The impact of the Gulf War on the ingredients of presidential evaluations: Multidimensional effects of political involvement. American Political Science Review, 87, 963-975.

Krosnick, J. A., & Brannon, L. A. (1993). The media and the foundations of Presidential support: George Bush and the Persian Gulf conflict. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 167-182.

Krosnick, J. A., Boninger, D. S., Chuang, Y. C., Berent, M. K., & Carnot, C. G. (1993). Attitude strength: One construct or many related constructs? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1132-1149.

Krosnick, J. A., Berent, M. K., & Boninger, D. S. (1994). Pockets of responsibility in the American electorate: Findings of a research program on attitude importance. Political Communication, 11, 391-411.

Krosnick, J. A., & Smith, W. A. (1994). Attitude strength. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Ostrom, T. M., Bond, C., Krosnick, J. A., & Sedikides, C. (1994). Attitude scales: How we measure the unmeasurable. In S. Shavitt & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Rahn, W. M., Krosnick, J. A., & Breuning, M. (1994). Rationalization and derivation processes in survey studies of political candidate evaluation. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 582-600.

Berent, M. K., & Krosnick, J. A. (1995). The relation betweenpolitical attitude importance and knowledge structure. In M. Lodge & K. McGraw (Eds.), Political judgment: Structure and process. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Boninger, D. S., Krosnick, J. A., & Berent, M. K. (1995). The origins of attitude importance: Self-interest, social identification, and value-relevance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 61-80.

Boninger, D. S., Krosnick, J. A., Berent, M. K., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1995). The causes and consequences of attitude importance. In R. E. Petty and J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Fabrigar, L. R., & Krosnick, J. A. (1995). Attitude importance and the false consensus effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 468-479.

Fabrigar, L. R., & Krosnick, J. A. (1995). Attitude measurement and questionnaire design. In A. S. R. Manstead & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Blackwell encyclopedia of social psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Fabrigar, L. R., & Krosnick, J. A. (1995). Voting behavior. In A. S. R. Manstead & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Blackwell encyclopedia of social psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Krosnick, J. A., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Attitude strength: An overview. In R. E. Petty and J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Krosnick, J. A., & Telhami, S. (1995). Public attitudes toward Israel: A study of the attentive and issue publics. International Studies Quarterly, 39, 535-554.

Reprinted in Israel Affairs, vol. 2 (1995/1996) and in G. Sheffer (Ed.), U.S.-Israeli relations at a crossroads. Frank Cass Publishing.

Wegener, D. T., Downing, J., Krosnick, J. A., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Measures and manipulations of strength-related properties of attitudes: Current practice and future directions. In R. E. Petty and J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Weisberg, H. F., Haynes, A. A., & Krosnick, J. A. (1995). Social group polarization in 1992. In H. F. Weisberg (Ed.), Democracy's feast: Elections in America. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

Krosnick, J. A., Narayan, S. S., & Smith, W. R. (1996). Satisficing in surveys: Initial evidence. In M. T. Braverman & J. K. Slater (Eds.), Advances in survey research (pp. 29-44). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Miller, J. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (1996). News media impact on the ingredients of presidential evaluations: A program of research on the priming hypothesis. In D. Mutz & P. Sniderman (Eds.), Political persuasion and attitude change. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Narayan, S., & Krosnick, J. A. (1996). Education moderates some response effects in attitude measurement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60, 58-88.

Visser, P. S., Krosnick, J. A., Marquette, J., & Curtin, M. (1996). Mail surveys for election forecasting? An evaluation of the Columbus Dispatch poll. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60, 181-227.

Krosnick, J. A., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1997). Designing rating scales for effective measurement in surveys. In L. Lyberg, P. Biemer, M. Collins, L. Decker, E. DeLeeuw, C. Dippo, N. Schwarz, and D. Trewin (Eds.), Survey Measurement and Process Quality. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

Miller, J. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (1997). The anatomy of news media priming. In S. Iyengar and R. Reeves (Eds.), Do the media govern? Politicians, voters, and reporters in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Carson, R. T., Hanemann, W. M., Kopp, R. J., Krosnick, J. A., Mitchell, R. C., Presser, S., Ruud, P. A., & Smith, V. K., with Conaway, M., & Martin, K. (1997). Temporal reliability of estimates from contingent valuation. Land Economics, 73, 151-163.

Carson, R. T., Hanemann, W. M., Kopp, R. J., Krosnick, J. A., Mitchell, R. C., Presser, S., Ruud, P. A., & Smith, V. K., with Conaway, M., & Martin, K. (1998). Referendum design and contingent valuation: The NOAA panel's no-vote recommendation. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80, 335-338.

Miller, J. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (1998). The impact of candidate name order on election outcomes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62, 291-330.

Visser, P. S., & Krosnick, J. A. (1998). The development of attitude strength over the life cycle: Surge and decline. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1388-1409.

Krosnick, J. A. (1999). Maximizing measurement quality: Principles of good questionnaire design. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of political attitudes. New York: Academic Press.

Krosnick, J. A. (1999). Survey research. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 537-567.

Bassili, J. N., & Krosnick, J. A. (2000). Do strength-related attitude properties determine susceptibility to response effects? New evidence from response latency, attitude extremity,and aggregate indices Political Psychology, 21, 107-132.

Holbrook, A. L., Krosnick, J. A., Carson, R. T., & Mitchell, R. C. (2000). Violating conversational conventions disrupts cognitive processing of attitude questions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 465-494.

Holbrook, A. L., Bizer, G. Y., & Krosnick, J. A. (2000). Political behavior of the individual. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology. Washington, DC, and New York, NY: American Psychological Association and Oxford University Press.

Krosnick, J. A., Holbrook, A. L., & Visser, P. S. (2000). The impact of the Fall 1997 debate about global warming on American public opinion. Public Understanding of Science, 9, 239-260.

Miller, J. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (2000). News media impact on the ingredients of presidential evaluations: Politically knowledgeable citizens are guided by a trusted source. American Journal of Political Science, 44, 301-315.

Visser, P. S., Krosnick, J. A., & Lavrakas, P. (2000). Survey research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Visser, P. S., Krosnick, J. A., Marquette, J., & Curtin, M. (2000). Improving election forecasting: Allocation of undecided respondents, identification of likely voters, and response order effects. In P. Lavrakas & M. Traugott (Eds.), Election polls, the news media, and democracy. New York, NY: Chatham House.

Bizer, G. Y., & Krosnick, J. A. (2001). Exploring the structure of strength-related attitude features: The relation between attitude importance and attitude accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 566-586.

Holbrook, A. L., Krosnick, J. A., Visser, P. S., Gardner, W. L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Attitudes toward presidential candidates and political parties: Initial optimism, inertial first impressions, and a focus on flaws. American Journal of Political Science, 45, 930-950.

Krosnick, J. A. (2002). Is political psychology sufficiently psychological? Distinguishing political psychology from psychological political science. In J. Kuklinski (Ed.), Thinking about political psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Krosnick, J. A. (2002). The challenges of political psychology: Lessons to be learned from research on attitude perception. In J. Kuklinski (Ed.), Thinking about political psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Krosnick, J. A. (2002). The causes of no-opinion responses to attitude measures in surveys: They are rarely what they appear to be. In R. M. Groves, D. A. Dillman, J. L. Eltinge, & R. J. A. Little (Eds.), Survey nonresponse. New York: Wiley.

Krosnick, J. A., Holbrook, A. L., Berent, M. K., Carson, R. T., Hanemann, W. M., Kopp, R. J., Mitchell, R. C., Presser, S., Ruud, P. A., Smith, V. K., Moody, W. R., Green, M. C., & Conaway, M. (2002). The impact of 'no opinion' response options on data quality: Non-attitude reduction or an invitation to satisfice? Public Opinion Quarterly, 66, 371-403.

Krosnick, J. A., & McGraw K. M. (2002). Psychological political science vs. political psychology true to its name: A plea for balance. In K. R. Monroe (Ed.), Political psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Swait, J., Adamowicz, W., Hanemann, M., Diederich, A., Krosnick, J. A., Layton, D., Provencher, W., Schakade, D., & Tourangeau, R. (2002). Context dependence and aggregation in disaggregate choice analysis. Marketing Letters, 13, 195-205.

Bizer, G. Y., Krosnick, J. A., Holbrook, A. L., Wheeler, S. C., Rucker, D. D., & Petty, R. E. (2002). The impact of personality on cognitive, behavioral, and affective political processes: The effects of need to evaluate. Journal of Personality.

Anand, S., & Krosnick, J. A. (2003). The impact of attitudes toward foreign policy goals on public preferences among presidential candidates: A study of issue publics and the attentive public in the 2000 U.S. Presidential election. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 33, 31-71.

Chang, L., & Krosnick, J. A. (2003). Measuring the frequency of regular behaviors: Comparing the 'typical week' to the 'past week.' Sociological Methodology, 33, 55-80.

Holbrook, A. L., Green, M. C., & Krosnick, J. A. (2003). Telephone vs. face-to-face interviewing of national probability samples with long questionnaires: Comparisons of respondent satisficing and social desirability response bias. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67, 79-125.

Krosnick, J. A., Anand, S. N., & Hartl, S. P. (2003). Psychosocial predictors of heavy television viewing among preadolescents and adolescents. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 87-110.

Visser, P. S., Krosnick, J. A., & Simmons, J. (2003). Distinguishing the cognitive and behavioral consequences of attitude importance and certainty: A new approach to testing the common-factor hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 118-141.

Bizer, G. Y., Visser, P. S., Berent, M. K., & Krosnick, J. A. (2004). Exploring the latent structure of strength-related attitude attributes. In W. E. Saris & P. M. Sniderman (Eds.), Studies in public opinion: Gauging attitudes, nonattitudes, measurement error and change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Krosnick, J. A., Miller, J. M., & Tichy, M. P. (2004). An unrecognized need for ballot reform: Effects of candidate name order. In A. N. Crigler, M. R. Just, and E. J. McCaffery (Eds.), Rethinking the vote: The politics and prospects of American election reform. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Miller, J. M., & Krosnick, J. A.  (2004).  Threat as a motivator of political activism: A field experiment.  Political Psychology, 25, 507-523.

Anand, S., & Krosnick, J. A.  (2005).  Demographic predictors of media use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.  American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 539-561.

Holbrook, A. L., & Krosnick, J. A. (2005). Meta-psychological vs. operative measures of ambivalence: Differentiating the consequences of perceived intra-psychic conflict and real intra-psychic conflict. In S. C. Craig & M. D. Martinez (Eds.), Ambivalence and the structure of public opinion. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Krosnick, J. A, Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2005). Attitude measurement. In D. Albarracin, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Handbook of attitudes and attitude change. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schaeffer, E. M., Krosnick, J. A., Langer, G. E., & Merkle, D. M. (2005). Comparing the quality of data obtained by minimally balanced and fully balanced attitude questions. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69, 417-428.

Cornell, D. G., Krosnick, J. A., & Chang, L. (in press). Student reactions to being wrongly informed of failing a high-stakes test: The case of the Minnesota Basic Standards Test. Educational Policy.

Holbrook, A. L., Krosnick, J. A., & Pfent, A. M. (in press). Response rates in surveys by the news media and government contractor survey research firms. In J. Lepkowski, B. Harris-Kojetin, P. J. Lavrakas, C. Tucker, E. de Leeuw, M. Link, M. Brick, L. Japec, & R. Sangster (Eds.), Telephone survey methodology. New York: Wiley.

Krosnick, J. A. (in press). The context and implications of Tyler and Linds psychological analysis of compensation for natural resource damages. In D. Chapman and N. Meade (Eds.), The application of stated preference methods to resource compensation. Washington, DC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Krosnick, J. A. (in press) Potential pitfalls of stated choice methodologies: Comments on Layton and Brown (1998) and Swait, Adamowicz, and Louviere (1998). In D. Chapman and N. Meade (Eds.), The application of stated preference methods to resource compensation. Washington, DC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Fabrigar, L. R., Krosnick, J. A., & MacDougall, B. L. (in press). Attitude measurement: Techniques for measuring the unobservable. In M. C. Green, S. Shavitt, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications

Krosnick, J. A., Chang, L., Sherman, S. J., Chassin, L., & Presson, C. (in press). The effects of beliefs about the health consequences of cigarette smoking on smoking onset and quitting. Journal of Communication.

Krosnick, J. A., Holbrook, A. L., & Visser, P. S. (in press). Optimizing brief assessments in research on the psychology of aging: A pragmatic approach to survey and self-report measurement. In National Research Council, When I'm 64. Committee on Aging Frontiers in Social Psychology, Personality, and Adult Developmental Psychology. Laura L. Carstensen and Christine R. Hartel, editors. Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Visser, P. S., Bizer, G. Y., & Krosnick, J. A. (in press). Exploring the latent structure of strength-related attitude attributes. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York, NY: Academic Press.